Biomarkers can be used to evaluate exposure to potentially harmful chemicals, their impact on organ function, or a person's susceptibility to a decline in organ function. They are defined as molecules in biological samples that are utilised as indicators of organ function. The kidneys are frequently exposed to a variety of medications and substances, and disorders like diabetes frequently result in renal function loss. This literature review includes results from clinical and experimental animal investigations on biomarkers that were published in 2021 and early 2022, concentrating on five subjects: 1) Diabetic kidney disease progression and severity; 2) severity and prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD); 3) conversion of AKI to CKD; 4) severity and prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC); and 5) identification of nephrotoxic drug and environmental chemical exposure
