According to this literature review, Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that are expelled by practically all cell types through invagination of the endosomal membrane pathway and are a significant kind of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are essential for intercellular communication in both health and sickness. This is due to their ability to carry cargoes like DNA, mRNA, proteins, and microRNA to nearby or distant cells, which in turn controls the biological activity of the recipient cells. A prominent cause of end-stage renal disease and a critical microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) places a heavy financial burden on both people and society but despite significant efforts, there are no therapeutic strategies that stop DN from progressing, indicating the need for new strategies. Exosomes may serve as novel indicators and therapeutic targets for DN, according to a growing body of research suggesting their involvement in the pathophysiological mechanisms linked to the disease. Due to their potential as indicators and therapeutic targets, exosome processes in DN have seen recent improvements that are summarized in this review.
